Ambient light regulation methods

ABSTRACT

A lighting fixture includes a solid-state light source and control circuitry. The control circuitry is configured to receive one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding to the amount of ambient light detected by an ambient light sensor, and determine a range of values for the one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding to a desired amount of light detected by the ambient light sensor. The control circuitry is then configured to drive the solid-state light source such that the one or more ambient light level measurements received from the ambient light sensor fall within the determined range of values.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/087,308, filed on Nov. 22, 2013, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to lighting fixtures, and in particular to monitoring ambient light with lighting fixtures and controlling the lighting fixtures accordingly.

BACKGROUND

In recent years, a movement has gained traction to replace incandescent light bulbs with lighting fixtures that employ more efficient lighting technologies as well as to replace relatively efficient fluorescent lighting fixtures with lighting technologies that produce a more pleasing, natural light. One such technology that shows tremendous promise employs solid-state lighting sources, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs). Compared with incandescent bulbs, LED-based light fixtures are much more efficient at converting electrical energy into light, are longer lasting, and are also capable of producing light that is very natural. Compared with fluorescent lighting, LED-based fixtures are also very efficient, but are capable of producing light that is much more natural and more capable of accurately rendering colors. As a result, lighting fixtures that employ LED technologies are expected to replace incandescent and fluorescent bulbs in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. As such, there is a continuing need for LED-based fixtures that can replace and at least match, and preferably exceed, the optical performance of incandescent and fluorescent bulbs.

In lighting environments that employ LED-based fixtures, there is a need to properly illuminate the environment, and in particular, the task surfaces on which tasks requiring light are performed. These task surfaces may include workbenches, desks, conference tables, playing surfaces, floors, walls, and the like. While lighting designers do their best to select the type, number, and placement of lighting fixtures for the environment, the amount of light illuminating the task surface may vary greatly based on the amount of ambient light that is present in the environment. For example, an environment with a lot of windows may have a lot of ambient sunlight during the day and little or no ambient light in the evening. There is a need for an efficient and effective way to compensate for the ambient light in a lighting environment.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates to solid-state lighting fixtures configured to maintain a constant amount of light on a particular surface. According to one embodiment, a lighting fixture includes a solid-state light source and control circuitry. The control circuitry is configured to receive one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding to the amount of ambient light detected by an ambient light sensor, and determine a range of values for the one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding to a desired amount of light detected by the ambient light sensor. The control circuitry is then configured to drive the solid-state light source such that the one or more ambient light level measurements received from the ambient light sensor fall within the determined range of values.

By determining a range of values for the ambient light level measurements corresponding to a desired amount of light detected by the ambient light sensor rather than a single setpoint, instability within the control circuitry due to light detected by the ambient light sensor from nearby lighting fixtures is avoided.

According to one embodiment, the control circuitry of the lighting fixture is configured to receive one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding to the amount of ambient light detected by an ambient light sensor and determine a setpoint for the one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding with a desired amount of light detected by the ambient light sensor. The control circuitry is then configured to adjust the determined setpoint for the one or more ambient light level measurements based on a drive signal provided to the solid-state light source.

By adjusting the determined setpoint for the one or more ambient light level measurements based on a drive signal provided to the solid-state light source, variations in the setpoint between lighting fixtures are reduced, thereby allowing multiple lighting fixtures in a single area to provide a uniform amount of light.

According to one embodiment, the control circuitry of the lighting fixture is configured to receive one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding to the amount of ambient light detected by an ambient light sensor and determine a range of values corresponding with a desired amount of light detected by the ambient light sensor. The control circuitry is then configured to adjust the determined range of values for the one or more ambient light level measurements based on a drive signal provided to the solid-state light source.

By determining a range of values for the ambient light level measurements corresponding to a desired amount of light detected by the ambient light sensor rather than a single setpoint, instability within the control circuitry due to light detected by the ambient light sensor from nearby lighting fixtures is avoided. Further, by adjusting the determined range of values for the one or more ambient light level measurements based on a drive signal provided to the solid-state light source, variations in the range of values between lighting fixtures are reduced, thereby allowing multiple lighting fixtures in a single area to provide a uniform amount of light.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate the scope of the disclosure and realize additional aspects thereof after reading the following detailed description in association with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a troffer-based lighting fixture according to a first embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a cross-section of the lighting fixture of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a troffer-based lighting fixture according to a second embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a cross-section of the lighting fixture of FIG. 3 according to a first embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a cross-section of the lighting fixture of FIG. 3 according to a second embodiment.

FIG. 6 illustrates a lighting environment with lighting fixtures such as those provided in FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary sensor distribution beam relative to an overall light distribution beam according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates a lighting environment with lighting fixtures such as those provided in FIGS. 3 and 4.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a lighting fixture according to a first example.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a lighting fixture according to a second example.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a lighting fixture according to a third example.

FIGS. 12A and 12B are a communication flow diagram illustrating interaction between two lighting fixtures according to a fourth example.

FIGS. 13A and 13B are a communication flow diagram illustrating interaction between two lighting fixtures according to a fifth example.

FIG. 14 is a block representation of a lighting network.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a lighting system according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a lighting fixture according to a fourth example.

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a lighting fixture according to a fifth example.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a lighting fixture according to a sixth example.

FIG. 19 is a cross-section of an exemplary LED according to a first embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 20 is a cross-section of an exemplary LED according to a second embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 21 is a schematic of a driver module and an LED array according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a communications module according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments set forth below represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure and illustrate the best mode of practicing the disclosure. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.

It will be understood that relative terms such as “front,” “forward,” “rear,” “below,” “above,” “upper,” “lower,” “horizontal,” or “vertical” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element, layer or region to another element, layer or region as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that these terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures.

The present disclosure relates to lighting fixtures that can sense ambient light levels and control themselves accordingly. The ambient light in a space is generally defined as the level of light on a particular surface, which is referred to herein as a task surface TS. Typically, lighting designers will determine a desired light level for the one or more task surfaces TS in a space and develop a lighting plan that allocates and places a sufficient number of lighting fixtures to achieve the desired light levels on the task surfaces TS. Unfortunately, conditions in and surrounding the space significantly affect the light levels. For example, the color of the room or task surface TS, the presence or lack of sunlight through adjacent windows, the reflective nature of the task surface TS or items on the task surface TS, the presence of uncontemplated light sources, the number of people in the room, and the like, all influence the light levels on the task surface TS.

To address these issues, the present disclosure describes lighting fixtures that can accurately measure ambient light levels on a task surface TS and either control themselves or help control associated lighting fixtures in a network based on the ambient light levels to provide proper light levels on task surfaces TS. Such lighting fixtures can be implemented in various configurations, such as a troffer-type lighting fixture, recessed lighting fixture, can lights (or downlights), surface mount lighting fixtures, suspended lighting fixtures, and the like. For purposes of illustration only, the concepts of this disclosure will be primarily described in the context of a troffer-type lighting fixture. In general, troffer-type lighting fixtures are designed to mount in a ceiling, such as a drop ceiling of a commercial, educational, or governmental facility. Before delving into the details of ambient light sensing, an overview of exemplary lighting fixture configurations having integrated ambient light sensors is provided.

In FIGS. 1 and 2, an exemplary troffer-type lighting fixture 10 is shown in isometric and cross-section views, respectively. The primary structure of the lighting fixture 10 includes a frame 12, a light source housing 14, and reflectors 16 that extend between an outer portion of the frame 12 and a bottom opening in the light source housing 14. A lens assembly 18 is provided over the opening of the light source housing 14.

With particular reference to FIG. 2, the illustrated light source housing 14 is formed from side walls 20S, angled walls 20A, and a back wall 20B. At least the interior surface of the side walls 20S, the angled walls 20A, and the back wall 20B have reflective surfaces. Alternatively, an interior reflector structure may be provided inside the light source housing 14. The side walls 20S extend rearward from the inside of the reflectors 16, and the angled walls 20A extend between the side walls 20S and the outer periphery of the back wall 20B. While it is not necessary to practice the concepts disclosed herein, the back wall 20B is illustrated as being substantially perpendicular to the side walls 20S, and the angled walls 20A form an acute angle that is less than 90° relative to the plane in which the lens assembly 18 lies. The lens assembly 18 is shown as being planar and substantially parallel to the back wall 20B; however, virtually any shape or configuration may be provided for the lens assembly 18.

For this embodiment, an ambient light sensor S_(A) is provided outside of the light source housing 14 and recessed in the back of a waveguide 22, which has an opening 24 that resides in substantially the same plane as the lens assembly 18. The ambient light sensor S_(A) is also electrically coupled to a driver module 36. Recessing the ambient light sensor S_(A) in the back of the waveguide 22 helps prevent, or at least reduce the amount of, light that is not reflected off of the task surface TS from reaching the ambient light sensor S_(A). The ambient light sensor S_(A) may be configured to detect a broad band of visible light or be configured to receive or filter out select bands of the visible and invisible light spectrum. For example, if the total amount of ambient light, including sunlight, should be detected, an ambient light sensor S_(A) capable of detecting a broad range of light may be used. If sunlight and infrared light should not enter into the equation, the ambient light sensor S_(A) may be provided with a special coating that filters out red light in the visible and infrared spectrum. Details related to measuring ambient light levels and controlling the lighting fixture 10 based on the light levels are provided further below.

The back wall 20B of the light source housing 14 provides a mounting structure for the LED array 26, which includes a mounting substrate, such as a printed circuit board (PCB), and a number of LEDs. The LEDs of the LED array 26 are oriented to generally emit light downward toward the lens assembly 18. The cavity bounded by the lens assembly 18 and the interior of the light source housing 14 provides a mixing chamber 30. Notably, the ambient light sensor S_(A) is mounted outside of the mixing chamber 30 in this embodiment, such that little or no light that exits the lens assembly 18 passes directly into the waveguide 22 via the opening 24. Light from the LED array 26 of the lighting fixture 10, other light sources, and the like that is reflected off of the task surface TS may enter the waveguide 22 and be sensed by the ambient light sensor S_(A). Again, details related to measuring ambient light levels and control based thereon are provided further below.

In contrast with the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate an embodiment wherein the ambient light sensor S_(A) is located within the mixing chamber 30. The ambient light sensor S_(A) is considered to be within the mixing chamber 30 if the opening 24 of the waveguide 22 extends to or into the mixing chamber 30. As shown in FIG. 4, the ambient light sensor S_(A) is mounted on the back wall 20B of the light source housing 14 along with the LED array 26, and is not recessed within a waveguide 22. FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment where the ambient light sensor S_(A) is mounted within the mixing chamber 30 and recessed within a waveguide 22. As illustrated, the opening 24 of the waveguide 22 is provided on the back wall 20B of the light source housing 14. The waveguide 22 is substantially perpendicular to the back wall 20B. When the ambient light sensor S_(A) is provided in the mixing chamber 30, the LED array 26 may need to be turned off to achieve an accurate measurement of ambient light, because the light in the mixing chamber 30 when the LED array 26 is on may saturate the ambient light sensor S_(A). When the ambient light sensor S_(A) is appropriately configured and mounted outside of the mixing chamber 30, as provided in FIGS. 1 and 2, ambient light measurements may be taken when the LED array 26 is on.

The lens assembly 18 for any of the above embodiments may include a relatively clear lens 32 and a diffuser 34. The degree and type of diffusion provided by the diffuser 34 may vary from one embodiment to another. Further, color, translucency, or opaqueness of the diffuser 34 may vary from one embodiment to another. Diffusers 34, such as that illustrated in FIG. 2, are typically formed from a polymer or glass, but other materials are viable and will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Similarly, the lens 32 generally corresponds to the shape and size of the diffuser 34 as well as the front opening of the light source housing 14. As with the diffuser 34, the material, color, translucency, or opaqueness of the lens 32 may vary from one embodiment to another. Further, both the diffuser 34 and the lens 32 may be formed from one or more materials or one or more layers of the same or different materials. While only one diffuser 34 and one lens 32 are depicted, the lighting fixture 10 may have multiple diffusers 34 or lenses 32.

Light emitted from the LED array 26 is mixed inside the mixing chamber 30 and directed out through the lens assembly 18. The LED array 26 may include LEDs that emit different colors of light, as described further below. For example, the LED array 26 may include both red LEDs that emit red light and blue-shifted yellow (BSY) LEDs that emit bluish-yellow light, wherein the red and bluish-yellow light is mixed to form “white” light at a desired color temperature. For a uniformly colored light output, relatively thorough mixing of the light emitted from the LED array 26 is desired. Both the reflective interior surfaces of the light source housing 14 and the diffusion provided by the diffuser 34 play a significant role in mixing the light emanated from the LED array 26.

In particular, certain light rays, which are referred to as non-reflected light rays, emanate from the LED array 26 and exit the mixing chamber 30 through the diffuser 34 and lens 32 without being reflected off of the interior surfaces of the light source housing 14. Other light rays, which are referred to as reflected light rays, emanate from the LED array 26 and are reflected off of the reflective interior surfaces of the light source housing 14 one or more times before exiting the mixing chamber 30 through the diffuser 34 and lens 32. With these reflections, the reflected light rays are effectively mixed with each other and at least some of the non-reflected light rays within the mixing chamber 30 before exiting the mixing chamber 30 through the diffuser 34 and the lens 32.

As noted above, the diffuser 34 functions to diffuse, and as a result mix, the non-reflected and reflected light rays as they exit the mixing chamber 30, wherein the mixing chamber and the diffuser 34 provide the desired mixing of the light emanated from the LED array 26 to provide a light output of a consistent color, color temperature, or the like. In addition to mixing light rays, the lens 32 and diffuser 34 may be configured and the interior of the light source housing 14 and reflectors 16 shaped in a manner to control the relative distribution and shape of the resulting light beam, and thus the distribution of light, that is projected from the lighting fixture 10. For example, a first lighting fixture 10 may be designed to provide a concentrated light output for a spotlight, wherein another may be designed to provide a widely dispersed light output. From an aesthetics perspective, the diffusion provided by the diffuser 34 also prevents the emitted light from looking pixelated, and obstructs the ability for a user to see the individual LEDs of the LED array 26.

As provided in the above embodiment, the more traditional approach to diffusion is to provide a diffuser 34 that is separate from the lens 32. As such, the lens 32 is effectively transparent and does not add any intentional diffusion. The diffuser 34 provides the intentional diffusion. As a first alternative, the diffuser 34 may take the form of a film that is directly applied to one or both surfaces of the lens 32. Such film is considered a “volumetric” film, wherein light diffusion occurs within the body of the diffusion film. One exemplary diffusion film is the ADF 3030 film provided by Fusion Optix, Inc. of 19 Wheeling Avenue, Woburn Mass. 01801, USA. As a second alternative, the lens assembly 18 may be configured as a composite lens, which provides the functionality of both the lens 32 and the diffuser 34. Such a composite lens may be a volumetric lens, which means the light passing through the composite lens is diffused in the body of the composite lens. The composite lens referenced above could be made of a diffusion grade acrylic or a polycarbonate material such as Bayer Makrolon® FR7087, Makrolon® FR7067, with 0.5% to 2% diffusion doping or Sabic EXRL0747-WH8F013X, EXRL0706-WHTE317X, LUX9612-WH8E490X and LUX9612-WH8E508X. The WHxxxxxx defines the degree of diffusion.

The electronics used to drive the LED array 26 are shown provided in a single driver module 36; however, the electronics may be provided in different modules. Further, these electronics may be provided with wired or wireless communications ability, as represented by the illustrated communications module 38. At a high level, the driver module 36 is coupled to the LED array 26 through cabling and directly drives the LEDs of the LED array 26 based on one or a combination of internal logic; inputs received from another device, such as a switch or sensor; or control information provided by the communications module 38. In the illustrated embodiment, the driver module 36 provides the primary intelligence for the lighting fixture 10 and is capable of driving the LEDs of the LED array 26 in a desired fashion. Notably, primary intelligence of the lighting fixture may reside in the communications module 38 in select embodiments.

The communications module 38 may act as a communication interface that facilitates communications between the driver module 36 and other lighting fixtures 10, sensors (not shown), switches (not shown), a remote control system (not shown), or a portable handheld commissioning tool 40, which may also be configured to communicate with a remote control system in a wired or wireless fashion. The commissioning tool 40 may be used for a variety of functions, including the commissioning of a lighting network or modifying the operation, configurations, settings, firmware, or software of the driver module 36 and the communications module 38. Details of an exemplary configuration that employs a driver module 36 and a communications module 38 are provided further below.

With reference to FIG. 6, a lighting environment is illustrated with two lighting fixtures 10. The two lighting fixtures 10 are individually referenced as lighting fixture 10A and lighting fixture 10B. The lighting fixtures 10 are in a space that includes a task surface TS, which may be subjected to sunlight during daylight hours through a window, skylight, or the like. In this embodiment, the ambient light sensors S_(A) are located in a waveguide 22, which is located outside of the mixing chamber 30.

In general, the driver module 36 will monitor the ambient light levels that are sensed by the ambient light sensor S_(A) and control the drive signals that are provided to the LED array 26, based at least in part on the detected ambient light levels. As will be described further below, the ambient light levels may be measured when the LED array 26 is on, off, or dimmed to a defined level. These one or more ambient light level measurements are used to help determine how much light should be output by the lighting fixtures 10, and thus, how the driver module 36 should drive the LED array 26.

As illustrated, at least lighting fixture 10A, lighting fixture 10B, and the sunlight coming in through an associated window project light onto the task surface TS. These light sources may also project light onto other room surfaces, which are not on the task surface TS or the portion of the task surface TS of interest. As such, the waveguide 22 is configured and the ambient light sensor S_(A) is mounted within the waveguide 22 such that effectively only light reflected off of the task surface TS, or a desired portion thereof, is received by the ambient light sensor S_(A) via the waveguide 22. In essence, the ambient light sensor S_(A) and the waveguide 22 are configured to define a sensor distribution beam, as illustrated in FIG. 7. The sensor distribution beam, based on where the lighting fixtures 10 are mounted, defines a sensor coverage area. The sensor distribution beam may be varied based upon the depth and diameter of the waveguide 22. As illustrated, the sensor distribution beam of FIG. 7 is more narrow than the overall light distribution beam afforded by the lighting fixture 10. As such, the sensor coverage area, which is defined by the sensor distribution beam, may be less in scope than the light coverage area, which is defined by the light distribution beam. Having a narrower sensor beam distribution than the lighting fixture's light distribution beam allows the lighting fixture 10 to have more focused ambient light sensing capabilities. As such, the lighting fixtures 10 may be able to detect the ambient light levels on the task surface TS more accurately when light reflected off of non-task surface areas is not picked up by the ambient light sensor S_(A). In other embodiments, the sensor distribution beam may be wider than the lighting fixture's light distribution beam, or may cover the same area as the lighting fixture's light distribution beam.

Returning to FIG. 6, one goal of lighting fixture 10A may be to adjust its light output to ensure that the portion of the task surface TS that resides substantially immediately below the lighting fixture 10A has a reference light level. Accordingly, the amount of light needed to be provided by the lighting fixture 10A to ensure that the task surface TS is lit with the reference light level depends on not only the primary light provided by the lighting fixture 10A, but also on the amount of sunlight from the sun and the supplemental light provided by the adjacent lighting fixture 10B. As the amount of supplemental light and sunlight increases, the amount of primary light needed by lighting fixture 10A decreases, and vice versa.

In operation, the driver module 36 will monitor the output of the ambient light sensor S_(A), and compare this output with a setpoint, which corresponds to a reference light level. The driver module 36 will adjust the primary light output by the LED array 26 until the output of the ambient light sensor S_(A) matches the setpoint. At this point, the portion of the task surface TS that is covered by the ambient light sensor S_(A) for the lighting fixture 10A is being illuminated to the reference light level by the primary light output from lighting fixture 10A, the supplemental light output from lighting fixture 10B and the sunlight. As any of these variables change, the output of the ambient light sensor S_(A) will change, and the driver module 36 will make adjustments to the amount of primary light output by the LED array 26 of lighting fixture 10A to ensure that the corresponding portion of the task surface TS is illuminated with the reference light level. Processes for determining the setpoint as well as measuring ambient light levels are described further below.

With reference to FIG. 8, an environment similar to that illustrated in FIG. 6 is provided. In FIG. 8, the ambient light sensor S_(A) and the waveguide 22 are provided within the mixing chamber 30 of lighting fixtures 10A and 10B. As described above, the primary light output from lighting fixture 10A, the supplemental light output from lighting fixture 10B, and the sunlight may enter the waveguide 22, and thus be presented to the ambient light sensor S_(A). Further, light within the mixing chamber 30, which is referred to as chamber light, may be directly reflected off of the lens assembly 18 and into the waveguide 22 with significant intensity. The intensity of the chamber light that is reflected into the waveguide 22 will likely saturate the ambient light sensor S_(A), rendering it incapable of accurately detecting the light intensity of the task surface TS. As will be described further below, ambient light readings using the ambient light sensor S_(A) of lighting fixture 10A will generally be taken when the LED array 26 of lighting fixture 10A is off. Ambient light sensor readings from lighting fixture 10A may be shared with lighting fixture 10B, which will use this information to help drive its own LED array 26. Alternatively, the driver module 36 of lighting fixture 10A may be supplied with a look-up table or algorithm that defines a light output level for a given ambient light sensor output when the LED array 26 is off. In essence, lighting fixture 10A is calibrated to determine how much primary light it should provide based on the light level on the task surface TS when lighting fixture 10A is off.

With reference to FIG. 9, a flow diagram illustrates one example for determining a setpoint and operating a lighting fixture 10 that has the ambient light sensor S_(A) located outside of the mixing chamber 30, such as that illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2, and 6. The flow diagram illustrates the processing of the driver module 36 for the lighting fixture 10. Initially, the lighting fixture 10 may receive an instruction to turn on from a lighting switch, control entity, or another lighting fixture 10 (step 100). Before providing any drive signals to the LED array 26, the driver module 36 may read the ambient light sensor output, S_(A) OFF, with the LED array 26 off (step 102), and store this value.

The driver module 36 will store the ambient light sensor output and then drive the LED array 26 at its full output (step 104) and then read the ambient light sensor output, S_(A) ON, with the LED array 26 on (step 106). This value is then stored. Next, the driver module 36 may determine a setpoint SP, by subtracting the ambient light sensor output S_(A) OFF from the ambient light sensor output S_(A) ON (SP=S_(A) ON−S_(A) OFF) (step 108). The setpoint SP may correspond to the output of the ambient light sensor S_(A) when the task surface TS is appropriately lit with the reference light level. This assumes that the lighting in the space in which the task surface resides is appropriately designed. Alternatively, the setpoint SP may need to be manually set during commissioning of the lighting fixture 10 and the network in which it resides.

Once the setpoint SP is determined, the driver module 36 will monitor the light sensor output (step 110) and drive the LED array 26, such that the light sensor output corresponds to the setpoint SP (step 112). Adjustment of the LED array 26 based on the light sensor output may take place just during initial turn on, periodically during operation, continuously during operation, or at select times as desired or defined by the designer. Further, the driver module 36 may periodically adjust the setpoint SP. As such, the driver module 36 may determine whether to adjust the setpoint SP (step 114), and if the setpoint SP should be adjusted, determine a new setpoint SP (step 116). If the setpoint SP does not need to be adjusted, the process may loop back to monitoring the light sensor output (step 110) and driving the LED array 26 such that the light sensor output corresponds to the setpoint SP (step 112). Similarly, once a new setpoint SP is determined (step 116), the driver module 36 will also monitor the light sensor output (step 110) and drive the LED array 26 such that the light sensor output corresponds to the new setpoint SP (step 112).

In the above process, the setpoint corresponded to the difference between the ambient light sensor outputs (S_(A) ON−S_(A) OFF), which corresponded to the LED array 26 being fully on and fully off, respectively. However, the setpoint may be determined at any two output levels. The flow diagram of FIG. 10 illustrates such a process.

Initially, assume that the driver module 36 is driving the LED array 26 to a higher output level (OL_(H1)), which corresponds to a higher dimming level that is less than the full output level (step 200). At this dimmed output level, the driver module 36 will read the ambient light sensor output S_(A) HI with the LED array 26 at the higher output level OL_(HI) (step 202). This ambient light sensor output S_(A) HI is stored, and then the driver module 36 will transition to driving the LED array 26 to a lower output level OL_(LO) (step 204). The lower output level OL_(LO) corresponds to a lower dimming level than the dimming level associated with the higher output level OL_(HI). The driver module 36 will read the ambient light sensor output S_(A) LO with the LED array 26 at the lower output level OL_(LO) (step 206), and store this value.

Next, the driver module 36 will determine the setpoint by effectively dividing the difference in the ambient light sensor outputs (S_(A) HI−S_(A) LO) by the difference in the output levels (OL_(HI)−OL_(LO)), wherein:

${SP} = \frac{\left( {{S_{A}{HI}} - {S_{A}{LO}}} \right)}{\left( {{OL}_{HI} - {OL}_{LO}} \right)}$

Once the setpoint is determined and stored, the driver module 36 will monitor the light sensor output (step 210) and then drive the LED array 26 such that the light sensor output corresponds to the setpoint (step 212), as provided in the previous embodiment. Again, the driver module 36 may determine whether or not to adjust the setpoint periodically or based on an external input (step 214). If it is not time to adjust the setpoint, the driver module 36 will continue to drive the LED array 26 at the previous output level. If the setpoint needs to be adjusted, the driver module 36 will determine a new setpoint as described immediately above (step 216), and then continue to monitor the light output (step 210) and drive the LED array 26 such that the light sensor output corresponds to the new setpoint (step 212).

For either of the above embodiments, changes to the output levels, whether setting to various dimming levels or simply turning on or off the LED array 26, may take place very quickly. In fact, they may take place at a rate that is imperceptible to the human eye. For example, the setpoints may be updated based on dimmed or off output levels without occupants in the room noticing any change in the effective output levels. In essence, the light levels are modulated on and off or between dimmed output levels at an imperceptible rate, such as at a rate greater than 100 cycles per second. Again, the processes associated with the previously described flow diagrams are generally used with embodiments where the ambient light sensor S_(A) is outside the mixing chamber 30.

With reference to FIG. 11, an exemplary process is illustrated for operating a lighting fixture 10 that is configured to have the ambient light sensor S_(A) located within the mixing chamber 30. For this example, assume that a look-up table or other appropriate function (such as an algorithm) has been generated to associate a measured ambient light sensor output with a corresponding drive level for the LED array 26. For the look-up table or the algorithm, assume that the ambient light sensor output should be read when the LED array 26 is off. As such, the light sensor output is read when the LED array 26 is off, and the task surface TS is presumably illuminated to a level that is less than the reference light level.

Initially, the driver module 36 will receive an instruction to turn on (step 300) and then read the ambient light sensor output with the LED array 26 off (step 302). The ambient light sensor output is then used to determine a drive level (step 304) by either accessing a look-up table using the light sensor output or determining the drive level via an appropriate algorithm based on the light sensor output. Once the drive level is determined, the driver module 36 will drive the LED array 26 with the appropriate drive level for the given ambient light sensor output (step 306).

From time to time, the driver module 36 may determine that it needs to refresh the drive level (step 308). To refresh the drive level, the driver module 36 will turn the LED array 26 off (step 310) and re-read the ambient light sensor output with the LED array 26 off (step 312). Again, the driver module 36 will determine an updated drive level based on the ambient light sensor output (step 314) and then drive the LED array 26 with the drive level corresponding to the ambient light sensor output (step 316). The ambient light sensor readings may take place very quickly, wherein the driver module 36 quickly cycles the LED array 26 off and then back on when the lighting fixture 10 is normally on. As with the illustrated process, the drive level may be set every time the lighting fixture 10 is turned on.

With the communications modules 38, the various lighting fixtures 10 in a lighting network may be able to communicate with each other to share data as well as control one another. For a configuration where the ambient light sensor S_(A) is located within the mixing chamber 30, ambient light sensor outputs on a first lighting fixture 10 may be used to help determine a setpoint for another lighting fixture 10. The communication flow of FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrates an example wherein lighting fixture 10B determines a setpoint for lighting fixture 10A. Lighting fixtures 10A and 10B are configured in an arrangement similar to that illustrated in FIG. 8, wherein at least lighting fixture 10A has an ambient light sensor S_(A) that is within the mixing chamber 30.

Initially, assume that lighting fixtures 10A and 10B are turned on and the LED array 26 of each one of the lighting fixtures 10 is on (steps 400 and 402). At some point, lighting fixture 10A will determine that it needs to initially set or update its setpoint (step 404) and will subsequently send a message that will instruct lighting fixture 10B to determine a setpoint for lighting fixture 10A (step 406). This message may indicate that the LED array 26 of lighting fixture 10A is currently on. Lighting fixture 10B will receive the message from lighting fixture 10A and will proceed to turn off its LED array 26 (step 408) and read its ambient light sensor output S_(A) HI with the LED array of lighting fixture 10A at its higher output level OL_(HI) (step 410). Lighting fixture 10B will then turn its LED array 26 back on (step 412) and send an instruction to lighting fixture 10A to turn its LED array 26 off (step 414). Lighting fixture 10A will respond by turning its LED array 26 off (step 416) and providing a message back to lighting fixture 10B indicating that the LED array 26 is off (or at a lower dimming level in certain embodiments) (step 418). Lighting fixture 10B will respond by turning its LED array 26 off (step 420) and reading the ambient light sensor output S_(A) LO with the LED array 26 of lighting fixture 10A at the lower output level OL_(LO), which is off in this particular example (step 422).

Lighting fixture 10B will then turn its LED array 26 on (step 424) and then determine a setpoint as described above (step 426). If the ambient light readings taken by lighting fixture 10B corresponded to lighting fixture 10A's LED array 26 being fully on and fully off, the setpoint is determined by simply subtracting the respective ambient light sensor outputs S_(A) HI−S_(A) LO. If the respective ambient light sensor outputs S_(A) HI and S_(A) LO were at different dimming levels, the setpoint is determined by dividing the difference between the ambient light sensor outputs by the difference between the respective dimming levels [SP=(S_(A) HI−S_(A) LO)/(OL_(HI)−OL_(LO))].

Once the setpoint is determined, lighting fixture 10B will send the setpoint to lighting fixture 10A (step 428), which will store the setpoint and turn its LED array 26 on (step 430). While lighting fixture 10A currently has a setpoint, it needs an ambient light reading in order to determine how to drive its LED array 26 to achieve the appropriate reference light level on the task surface TS. At this point, lighting fixture 10A sends a message to request an ambient light sensor reading from lighting fixture 10B (step 432). Lighting fixture 10B will respond by turning off its LED array 26 (step 434), reading the ambient light sensor output (step 436), and then turning its LED array 26 back on (step 438). Lighting fixture 10B will then send the measured light sensor output back to lighting fixture 10A (step 440), which will adjust its LED array output based on the light sensor output and the setpoint (step 442). The process of requesting ambient light sensor readings from lighting fixture 10B may be iterative, such that lighting fixture 10A can adjust its light output to the appropriate levels based on the setpoint determined by lighting fixture 10B and the ambient light sensor readings from lighting fixture 10B. Once the light output is properly set, lighting fixture 10A may periodically request updates for the ambient light sensor readings from lighting fixture 10B and adjust the output of the LED array 26 accordingly. Further, lighting fixture 10A may periodically adjust the setpoint, as described above, to compensate for changes in ambient light conditions or the reflectivity of the task surface TS (step 444). This may require enlisting the services of lighting fixture 10B or another lighting fixture 10.

While in the above embodiment lighting fixture 10B determines the setpoint for lighting fixture 10A, the following embodiment has lighting fixture 10B take the ambient light sensor output readings at different output levels and pass these readings to lighting fixture 10A. Lighting fixture 10A will then determine the setpoint based on the readings taken and provided by lighting fixture 10B. For this embodiment, again assume that the ambient light sensor S_(A) is within the mixing chamber 30 of the respective lighting fixtures 10A and 10B.

With reference to FIGS. 13A and 13B, assume that lighting fixtures 10A and 10B are currently on and the driver modules 36 are driving the respective LED array 26 of each one of the lighting fixtures 10 on (steps 500 and 502). At some point, lighting fixture 10A will determine it is time to update its setpoint (step 504) and will send a request for lighting fixture 10B to provide an ambient light sensor reading (step 506). In response, lighting fixture 10B will turn off its LED array 26 (step 508), read its ambient light sensor output (step 510), and then turn its LED array 26 back on (step 512). Lighting fixture 10B will then send the ambient light sensor output back to lighting fixture 10A, which will store the ambient light sensor output (step 516) and then turn its LED array 26 off (step 518). Lighting fixture 10A will send another request for an ambient light sensor reading to lighting fixture 10B (step 520), which will turn off its LED array 26 (step 522), read the ambient light sensor output (step 524), and then turn its LED array 26 back on (step 526). Lighting fixture 10B will provide the ambient sensor output back to lighting fixture 10A (step 528), which will store the ambient light sensor output (step 530) and then turn its LED array 26 back on (step 532). Lighting fixture 10A will determine its setpoint as described above (step 534) based on the respective ambient sensor output readings, and perhaps any available dimming levels.

At this point, lighting fixture 10A sends a message to request an ambient light sensor reading from lighting fixture 10B (step 536). Lighting fixture 10B will respond by turning off its LED array 26 (step 538), reading the ambient light sensor output (step 540), and then turning its LED array 26 back on (step 542). Lighting fixture 10B will then send the measured light sensor output back to lighting fixture 10A (step 544), which will adjust its LED array output based on the light sensor output and the setpoint (step 546). The process of requesting ambient light sensor readings from lighting fixture 10B may be iterative, such that lighting fixture 10A can adjust its light output to the appropriate levels based on the setpoint determined by lighting fixture 10B and the ambient light sensor readings from lighting fixture 10B. Once the light output is properly set, lighting fixture 10A may periodically request updates for the ambient light sensor readings from lighting fixture 10B and adjust the output of the LED array 26 accordingly. Further, lighting fixture 10A may periodically adjust the setpoint, as described above, to compensate for changes in ambient light conditions or the reflectivity of the task surface TS (step 548). This may require enlisting the services of lighting fixture 10B or another lighting fixture 10.

With reference to FIG. 14, a block representation of a lighting network is shown with lighting fixtures 10A through 10I. Assume the lighting fixtures 10A through 10I are networked together though wireless communications and form a mesh network. While a wireless mesh network is described, other wired or wireless networking technologies may be employed to facilitate communications between the various lighting fixtures 10A through 10I.

When the lighting fixtures 10A through 10I are configured such that the ambient light sensor S_(A) is located outside of the mixing chamber 30, determining a setpoint and controlling how the LED array 26 of each one of the lighting fixtures 10 are driven may take place as follows. In a first embodiment, each of the lighting fixtures 10 determines its own setpoint and drives its own LED array 26 based on its own ambient sensor readings and the setpoint. In essence, each lighting fixture 10 acts somewhat independently in this regard. The timing of the setpoint process may take place during a power up phase, as described above in association with FIGS. 9 and 10. The ambient light sensor readings needed for the setpoint and adjusting the drive of the LED array 26 of each one of the lighting fixtures 10 may take place in concert or in a randomized fashion among the lighting fixtures 10A through 10I.

In a second embodiment, each lighting fixture 10 will determine its own preliminary setpoint and then share this setpoint with a designated coordinator, which could be another one of the lighting fixtures 10A through 10I or other device. The coordinator will process the preliminary setpoints for all of the lighting fixtures and generate a group setpoint. The group setpoint is then sent out to all of the lighting fixtures 10, which will use the common setpoint as described above to set light output levels. In more complex scenarios, the coordinator may determine different setpoints for the different lighting fixtures 10 in the lighting network, such that different lighting fixtures 10 may function to provide different reference light levels for different portions of the task surface TS or different areas in the space. Alternatively, the preliminary setpoints of the various lighting fixtures 10 may be shared with one another, and then each lighting fixture 10 can determine a primary setpoint to use during operation based on all or a subset of the preliminary setpoints.

Similarly, the ambient light sensor readings that are needed to generate setpoints may be shared amongst the group, such that each lighting fixture 10 can analyze the readings from itself and the group to determine its own setpoint. Alternatively, these readings may be provided to the coordinator, which will determine a common setpoint for the group or different setpoints for different lighting fixtures 10 of the group. Again, the measurements necessary for determining a setpoint may take place in concert as a group, in a coordinated fashion where measurements are taken one lighting fixture at a time, or in an independently randomized fashion where each lighting fixture 10 randomly adjusts its light output in an imperceptible way and measures the output of its ambient light sensor S_(A).

During normal operation, any one of the lighting fixtures 10 or the coordinator may send out adjustments to the setpoint or a new setpoint to all or a subset of the group to effectively raise or lower the reference light level that the lighting fixtures are trying to provide on the task surface TS. During operation, the lighting fixtures 10 may independently adjust their output levels to maintain the reference light level based on changes in ambient room light, color, brightness, reflectivity of the task surface TS, and the like.

The same or similar operation can be provided for embodiments wherein the ambient light sensor S_(A) is provided inside the mixing chamber 30. However, for instances where an ambient light reading must be taken from another lighting fixture 10, the ambient lighting readings or setpoint determinations may be shared with numerous lighting fixtures 10 or the coordinator for independent or group control. Any time the group needs to synchronize taking a reading or turning on or off, they can be synchronized based on time, monitoring AC line zero crossings, or a triggering message provided by one of the lighting fixtures 10. When random measurements are taken, the multiple measurements may be taken and then averaged together to effectively filter out a measurement, for example, when multiple lighting fixtures happen to be off or on and only one lighting fixture should be off or on.

Turning now to FIG. 15, a block diagram of a lighting fixture 10 is provided according to one embodiment. Assume for purposes of discussion that the driver module 36, communications module 38, and LED array 26 are ultimately connected to form the core electronics of the lighting fixture 10, and that the communications module 38 is configured to bidirectionally communicate with other lighting fixtures 10, the commissioning tool 40, or any other entity through wired or wireless techniques. In this embodiment, a defined communication interface and protocol are used to facilitate communications between the driver module 36 and the communications module 38.

In the illustrated embodiment, the driver module 36 and the communications module 38 are coupled via a communication bus (COMM BUS) and a power bus (PWR BUS). The communication bus allows the driver module 36 to exchange data or commands with the communications module 38. An exemplary communication bus is the well-known inter-integrated circuitry (I²C) bus, which is a serial bus and is typically implemented with a two-wire interface employing data and clock lines. Other available buses include: serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus, Dallas Semiconductor Corporation's 1-Wire serial bus, universal serial bus (USB), RS-232, Microchip Technology Incorporated's UNI/O®, and the like.

The driver module 36 may be coupled to an AC (alternating current) power source via the AC IN port. The AC power may be controlled via a remote switch, wherein when an AC signal is applied, the driver module 36 will power on and provide appropriate drive currents to the LEDs of the LED array 26. The AC power signal may be provided to include a desired dimming level, which is monitored by the driver module 36 and used to control the drive currents to provide a light output intensity corresponding to the dimming level. Alternatively, a separate dimming signal (not shown) from the AC power signal may be provided to the driver module 36, wherein the driver module 36 will control the drive currents based on the dimming signal.

In this embodiment, the driver module 36 is optionally configured to collect data from the ambient light sensor S_(A) and perhaps an occupancy sensor S_(O) or other sensor. The driver module 36 may use the data collected from the ambient light sensor S_(A) and the occupancy sensor S_(O) to control how the LEDs of the LED array 26 are driven. The data collected from the ambient light sensor S_(A) and the occupancy sensor S_(O) as well as any other operational parameters of the driver module 36 may also be shared with the communications module 38 or other remote entities via the communications module 38.

In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, it may be desirable to operate the lighting fixture 10 independently, such that the lighting fixture 10 does not communicate with additional lighting fixtures 10 in the area. In other embodiments, it may be desirable to operate the lighting fixture 10 at least partially independently, such that the lighting fixture 10 engages in limited communication with additional lighting fixtures 10 in the area. This may be, for example, due to high network traffic in a given area, or due to other issues preventing the networking of multiple lighting fixtures 10. Generally, a single lighting fixture 10 may be operated independently in a given area without problems. However, when two or more lighting fixtures 10, such as the lighting fixtures 10A and 10B shown in FIGS. 6 and 8, are located in close enough proximity to one another such that the light produced by one of the lighting fixtures, such as lighting fixture 10B is detected by the ambient light sensor S_(A) of the other lighting fixture, such as lighting fixture 10A, problems may arise when each one of the lighting fixtures 10 are operated independently, as discussed in further detail below.

The problems described above with respect to the independent control of lighting fixtures 10 in close proximity to one another will now be discussed as they relate to the lighting fixtures 10A and 10B shown in FIGS. 6 and 8. Because the lighting fixtures 10A and 10B are located in close proximity to one another, the light produced by lighting fixture 10A will be detected by the ambient light sensor S_(A) of lighting fixture 10B and the light produced by the lighting fixture 10B will be detected by the ambient light sensor S_(A) of lighting fixture 10A. Accordingly, as lighting fixture 10A attempts to adjust the amount of light emitted by its LED array 26 in order to reach a desired setpoint determined for its ambient light sensor S_(A), the amount of light on the task surface TS will change, thereby prompting lighting fixture 10B to adjust the amount of light emitted by its LED array 26. As lighting fixture 10B then adjusts the amount of light emitted by its LED array 26 in order to reach a desired setpoint determined for its ambient light sensor S_(A), the amount of light on the task surface TS will change again, thereby prompting lighting fixture 10A to adjust the amount of light emitted by its LED array 26. This cycle may continue indefinitely, causing the amount of light emitted from each one of the lighting fixtures 10 to noticeably oscillate.

FIG. 16 shows an exemplary process for independently operating a lighting fixture 10 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure in order to avoid a visible oscillation of the light emitted from the lighting fixture 10 due to detection of ambient light produced by other nearby lighting fixtures 10. The described steps of the process may illustrate one or more processing steps of the driver module 36 for the lighting fixture 10. First, one or more ambient light level measurements are received by the driver module 36, each of the one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding to the amount of ambient light detected by (i.e., the output of) the ambient light sensor S_(A) (step 600). Next, a range of values is determined by the driver module 36 corresponding to a desired amount of light that should be detected by the ambient light sensor S_(A) (step 602). Once the range of values is determined, the driver module 36 then monitors the ambient light level measurements (step 604) and drives the LED array 26 to an appropriate level, such that the one or more ambient light level measurements fall within the determined range of values (step 606).

According to one embodiment, the range of values is determined by first determining a setpoint for the lighting fixture 10, as described above with respect to both ambient light sensors S_(A) located inside and outside of the mixing chamber 30, and subsequently determining a maximum value that is a fixed distance above the setpoint and a minimum value that is a fixed distance below the setpoint. In one embodiment, the fixed distance is 1-2% of the total signal range for the one or more ambient light level measurements. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the fixed distance may comprise any suitable value without departing from the principles of the present disclosure.

By determining a range of values appropriate for the ambient light level measurements rather than a single setpoint, lighting fixtures 10 in close proximity to one another may be independently controlled without a noticeable oscillation of the light emitted from each one of the lighting fixtures 10. For example, when the lighting fixtures 10A and 10B are independently controlled using the process shown in FIG. 16, lighting fixture 10A will attempt to adjust the amount of light emitted by its LED array 26 in order to reach a desired range of values determined for the output of its ambient light sensor S_(A). As a result, the amount of light on the task surface TS will change, thereby prompting lighting fixture 10B to adjust the amount of light emitted by its LED array 26. As the lighting fixture 10B then adjusts the amount of light emitted by its LED array 26, the amount of light on the task surface TS will change again. Although this may cause the output of the ambient light sensor S_(A) of lighting fixture 10A to change slightly, the output of the ambient light sensor S_(A) will still be within the range of values determined by the driver module 36. Accordingly, lighting fixture 10A will not adjust the amount of light emitted from its array of LEDs 26, thereby preventing oscillation of the lighting fixtures 10.

An additional problem encountered by independently controlled lighting fixtures 10 located in close proximity to one another arises when one lighting fixture 10 in an area essentially takes over most of the ambient light load, causing a single lighting fixture 10 to produce a disproportionate amount of light when compared to surrounding lighting fixtures 10. Such a problem may be caused, for example, by variations in the setpoint determined by each lighting fixture 10. If one lighting fixture 10 in an area, for example lighting fixture 10A, attempts to produce a slightly higher light level than the other lighting fixtures due to a higher setpoint, surrounding lighting fixtures 10, for example lighting fixture 10B may compensate by producing less light. The result may be a noticeable difference between the light emitted by adjacent lighting fixtures 10, for example lighting fixture 10A and lighting fixture 10B.

FIG. 17 shows an exemplary process for independently operating a lighting fixture 10 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure in order to avoid variations in the amount of light produced by lighting fixtures 10 in an area due to variations in the setpoint determined by each one of the lighting fixtures 10. The described steps of the process may illustrate one or more processing steps of the driver module 36 for the lighting fixture 10. First, one or more ambient light level measurements are received by the driver module 36, each of the one or more ambient light level measurements corresponding to the amount of ambient light detected by (i.e., the output of) the ambient light sensor S_(A) (step 700). Next, a setpoint SP is determined by the driver module 36 corresponding to a desired amount of light to be detected by the ambient light sensor S_(A) (step 702). The setpoint SP may be determined as described above with respect to both ambient light sensors S_(A) located inside and outside of the mixing chamber 30. Once the setpoint SP is determined, the driver module 36 then adjusts the setpoint SP based on a drive signal provided to the LED array 26 (step 704). The driver module 36 then monitors the ambient light level measurements (step 706) and drives the LED array 26 to an appropriate level, such that the ambient light level measurements correspond to the setpoint SP (step 708). At this point, the driver module 36 may determine whether the drive signal has changed after the initial adjustment of the setpoint SP (step 710). If the drive signal has changed, the setpoint SP may be adjusted again based on the updated drive signal (step 704). If the drive signal has not changed, the driver module 36 may continue to monitor the ambient light level measurements (step 706) and drive the LED array 26 so that the ambient light level measurements correspond to the setpoint SP (step 708).

In one exemplary embodiment, the drive signal provided to the LED array 26 has an inverse relationship with the setpoint, such that an increase in the drive signal results in a decrease in the setpoint, and vice versa. Further, the setpoint may have a linear relationship with the drive signal, or may proportionally increase or decrease based on the drive signal.

By adjusting the setpoint based on the drive signal provided to the LED array 26, lighting fixtures 10 in close proximity to one another may be independently controlled while maintaining a substantially uniform amount of light emitted from each one of the lighting fixtures 10. For example, when the lighting fixtures 10A and 10B are independently controlled using the process shown in FIG. 17, lighting fixture 10A may determine a setpoint that is higher than that determined by lighting fixture 10B. Although this would normally result in a disproportionate amount of light produced by lighting fixture 10A as compared to lighting fixture 10B as the drive signal to the LED array 26 in lighting fixture 10A increases, the driver module 36 adjusts the setpoint associated with lighting fixture 10A downwards. Accordingly, because the drive signal provided to the LED array 26 in lighting fixture 10A is greater than that provided to the LED array 26 in lighting fixture 10B the setpoint with each one of the lighting fixtures 10 will essentially balance, thereby allowing each one of the lighting fixtures 10 to produce a substantially uniform amount of light.

In some instances, independently controlled lighting fixtures 10 may encounter both of the previously described problems, wherein the light emitted by adjacent lighting fixtures 10 oscillates and one lighting fixture 10 in an area essentially takes over most of the ambient light load. FIG. 18 shows an exemplary process for independently operating a lighting fixture 10 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure in order to avoid oscillation of the light emitted by the lighting fixture 10 as well as to avoid variations in the amount of light emitted between lighting fixtures in an area. First, one or more ambient light level measurements are received by the driver module 36, each one of the ambient light level measurements corresponding to the amount of ambient light detect by (i.e., the output of) the ambient light sensor S_(A) (step 800). Next, a range of values is determined by the driver module 36 corresponding to a desired amount of light to be detected by the ambient light sensor S_(A) (step 802). Once the range of values is determined, the driver module 36 adjusts the range of values based on a drive signal provided to the LED array 26 (step 804), which may involve adjusting the maximum value of the range of values and the minimum value of the range of values upwards or downwards based on the drive signal. The driver module 36 then monitors the ambient light level measurements (step 806) and drives the LED array 26 to an appropriate level, such that the ambient light level measurements fall within the determined range of values (step 808). At this point, the driver module 36 may determine whether the drive signal has changed after the initial adjustment of the range of values (step 710). If the drive signal has changed, the range of values may be adjusted again based on the updated drive signal (step 804). If the drive signal has not changed, the driver module 36 may continue to monitor the ambient light level measurements (step 706) and drive the LED array 26 so that the ambient light level measurements fall within the determined range of values (step 708).

According to one embodiment, the range of values is determined by first determining a setpoint for the lighting fixture 10, as described above with respect to both ambient light sensors S_(A) located inside and outside of the mixing chamber 30, and subsequently determining a maximum value that is a fixed distance above the setpoint and a minimum value that is a fixed distance below the setpoint. In one embodiment, the fixed distance is 1-2% of the total signal range for the one or more ambient light level measurements. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the fixed distance may comprise any suitable value without departing from the principles of the present disclosure.

In one exemplary embodiment, the drive signal provided to the LED array 26 has an inverse relationship with the range of values, such that an increase in the drive signal results in a decrease in the range of values, and vice versa. Further, the range of values may have a linear relationship with the drive signal, or may proportionally increase or decrease based on the drive signal.

By both determining a range of values appropriate for the ambient light level measurements rather than a single setpoint and adjusting the range of values based on the drive signal provided to the LED array 26, lighting fixtures 10 in close proximity to one another may be independently controlled without a noticeable oscillation of the light emitted from each one of the light fixtures 10, and without a noticeable difference in the amount of light produced between the light fixtures 10, as described above.

A description of an exemplary embodiment of the LED array 26, driver module 36, and the communications module 38 follows. As noted, the LED array 26 includes a plurality of LEDs, such as the LEDs 42 illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20. With reference to FIG. 19, a single LED chip 44 is mounted on a reflective cup 46 using solder or a conductive epoxy, such that ohmic contacts for the cathode (or anode) of the LED chip 44 are electrically coupled to the bottom of the reflective cup 46. The reflective cup 46 is either coupled to or integrally formed with a first lead 48 of the LED 42. One or more bond wires 50 connect ohmic contacts for the anode (or cathode) of the LED chip 44 to a second lead 52.

The reflective cup 46 may be filled with an encapsulant material 54 that encapsulates the LED chip 44. The encapsulant material 54 may be clear or may contain a wavelength conversion material, such as a phosphor, which is described in greater detail below. The entire assembly is encapsulated in a clear protective resin 56, which may be molded in the shape of a lens to control the light emitted from the LED chip 44.

An alternative package for an LED 42 is illustrated in FIG. 20 wherein the LED chip 44 is mounted on a substrate 58. In particular, the ohmic contacts for the anode (or cathode) of the LED chip 44 are directly mounted to first contact pads 60 on the surface of the substrate 58. The ohmic contacts for the cathode (or anode) of the LED chip 44 are connected to second contact pads 62, which are also on the surface of the substrate 58, using bond wires 64. The LED chip 44 resides in a cavity of a reflector structure 66, which is formed from a reflective material and functions to reflect light emitted from the LED chip 44 through the opening formed by the reflector structure 66. The cavity formed by the reflector structure 66 may be filled with an encapsulant material 54 that encapsulates the LED chip 44. The encapsulant material 54 may be clear or may contain a wavelength conversion material, such as a phosphor.

In either of the embodiments of FIGS. 19 and 20, if the encapsulant material 54 is clear, the light emitted by the LED chip 44 passes through the encapsulant material 54 and the protective resin 56 without any substantial shift in color. As such, the light emitted from the LED chip 44 is effectively the light emitted from the LED 42. If the encapsulant material 54 contains a wavelength conversion material, substantially all or a portion of the light emitted by the LED chip 44 in a first wavelength range may be absorbed by the wavelength conversion material, which will responsively emit light in a second wavelength range. The concentration and type of wavelength conversion material will dictate how much of the light emitted by the LED chip 44 is absorbed by the wavelength conversion material as well as the extent of the wavelength conversion. In embodiments where some of the light emitted by the LED chip 44 passes through the wavelength conversion material without being absorbed, the light passing through the wavelength conversion material will mix with the light emitted by the wavelength conversion material. Thus, when a wavelength conversion material is used, the light emitted from the LED 42 is shifted in color from the actual light emitted from the LED chip 44.

For example, the LED array 26 may include a group of BSY or BSG LEDs 42 as well as a group of red LEDs 42. BSY LEDs 42 include an LED chip 44 that emits bluish light, and the wavelength conversion material is a yellow phosphor that absorbs the blue light and emits yellowish light. Even if some of the bluish light passes through the phosphor, the resultant mix of light emitted from the overall BSY LED 42 is yellowish light. The yellowish light emitted from a BSY LED 42 has a color point that falls above the Black Body Locus (BBL) on the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram wherein the BBL corresponds to the various color temperatures of white light.

Similarly, BSG LEDs 42 include an LED chip 44 that emits bluish light; however, the wavelength conversion material is a greenish phosphor that absorbs the blue light and emits greenish light. Even if some of the bluish light passes through the phosphor, the resultant mix of light emitted from the overall BSG LED 42 is greenish light. The greenish light emitted from a BSG LED 42 has a color point that falls above the BBL on the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram wherein the BBL corresponds to the various color temperatures of white light.

The red LEDs 42 generally emit reddish light at a color point on the opposite side of the BBL as the yellowish or greenish light of the BSY or BSG LEDs 42. As such, the reddish light from the red LEDs 42 mixes with the yellowish or greenish light emitted from the BSY or BSG LEDs 42 to generate white light that has a desired color temperature and falls within a desired proximity of the BBL. In effect, the reddish light from the red LEDs 42 pulls the yellowish or greenish light from the BSY or BSG LEDs 42 to a desired color point on or near the BBL. Notably, the red LEDs 42 may have LED chips 44 that natively emit reddish light wherein no wavelength conversion material is employed. Alternatively, the LED chips 44 may be associated with a wavelength conversion material, wherein the resultant light emitted from the wavelength conversion material and any light that is emitted from the LED chips 44 without being absorbed by the wavelength conversion material mixes to form the desired reddish light.

The blue LED chip 44 used to form either the BSY or BSG LEDs 42 may be formed from a gallium nitride (GaN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), silicon carbide (SiC), zinc selenide (ZnSe), or like material system. The red LED chip 44 may be formed from an aluminum indium gallium nitride (AlInGaN), gallium phosphide (GaP), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), or like material system. Exemplary yellow phosphors include cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce), yellow BOSE (Ba, O, Sr, Si, Eu) phosphors, and the like. Exemplary green phosphors include green BOSE phosphors, Lutetium aluminum garnet (LuAg), cerium doped LuAg (LuAg:Ce), Maui M535 from Lightscape Materials, Inc. of 201 Washington Road, Princeton, N.J. 08540, and the like. The above LED architectures, phosphors, and material systems are merely exemplary and are not intended to provide an exhaustive listing of architectures, phosphors, and materials systems that are applicable to the concepts disclosed herein.

As noted, the LED array 26 may include a mixture of red LEDs 42 and either BSY or BSG LEDs 42. The driver module 36 for driving the LED array 26 is illustrated in FIG. 21 according to one embodiment of the disclosure. The LED array 26 may be electrically divided into two or more strings of series connected LEDs 42. As depicted, there are three LED strings S1, S2, and S3. For clarity, the reference number “42” will include a subscript indicative of the color of the LED 42 in the following text where ‘IR’ corresponds to red, ‘BSY’ corresponds to blue shifted yellow, ‘BSG’ corresponds to blue shifted green, and ‘BSX’ corresponds to either BSG or BSY LEDs. LED string S1 includes a number of red LEDs 42 _(R), LED string S2 includes a number of either BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX), and LED string S3 includes a number of either BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX). The driver module 36 controls the current delivered to the respective LED strings S1, S2, and S3. The current used to drive the LEDs 42 is generally pulse width modulated (PWM), wherein the duty cycle of the pulsed current controls the intensity of the light emitted from the LEDs 42.

The BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX) in the second LED string S2 may be selected to have a slightly more bluish hue (less yellowish or greenish hue) than the BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX) in the third LED string S3. As such, the current flowing through the second and third strings S2 and S3 may be tuned to control the yellowish or greenish light that is effectively emitted by the BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX) of the second and third LED strings S2, S3. By controlling the relative intensities of the yellowish or greenish light emitted from the differently hued BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX) of the second and third LED strings S2, S3, the hue of the combined yellowish or greenish light from the second and third LED strings S2, S3 may be controlled in a desired fashion.

The ratio of current provided through the red LEDs 42 _(R) of the first LED string S1 relative to the currents provided through the BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX) of the second and third LED strings S2 and S3 may be adjusted to effectively control the relative intensities of the reddish light emitted from the red LEDs 42 _(R) and the combined yellowish or greenish light emitted from the various BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX). As such, the intensity and the color point of the yellowish or greenish light from BSY or BSG LEDs 42 _(BSX) can be set relative to the intensity of the reddish light emitted from the red LEDs 42 _(R). The resultant yellowish or greenish light mixes with the reddish light to generate white light that has a desired color temperature and falls within a desired proximity of the BBL.

Notably, the number of LED strings Sx may vary from one to many and different combinations of LED colors may be used in the different strings. The LED array 26 may have one or more strings Sx. Each LED string Sx may have LEDs 42 of the same color, variations of the same color, or substantially different colors, such as red, green, and blue. In one embodiment, a single LED string may be used for each LED array 26, wherein the LEDs in the string are all substantially identical in color, vary in substantially the same color, or include different colors. In another embodiment, three LED strings Sx with red, green, and blue LEDs may be used for each LED array 26, wherein each LED string Sx is dedicated to a single color. In yet another embodiment, at least two LED strings Sx may be used, wherein different colored BSY LEDs are used in one of the LED strings Sx and red LEDs are used in the other of the LED strings Sx.

The driver module 36 depicted in FIG. 21 generally includes rectifier and power factor correction (PFC) circuitry 68, conversion circuitry 70, and control circuitry 72. The rectifier and power factor correction circuitry 68 is adapted to receive an AC power signal (AC IN), rectify the AC power signal, and correct the power factor of the AC power signal. The resultant signal is provided to the conversion circuitry 70, which converts the rectified AC power signal to a DC power signal. The DC power signal may be boosted or bucked to one or more desired DC voltages by DC-DC converter circuitry, which is provided by the conversion circuitry 70. Internally, The DC power signal may be used to power the control circuitry 72 and any other circuitry provided in the driver module 36.

The DC power signal is also provided to the power bus, which is coupled to one or more power ports, which may be part of the standard communication interface. The DC power signal provided to the power bus may be used to provide power to one or more external devices that are coupled to the power bus and separate from the driver module 36. These external devices may include the communications module 38 and any number of auxiliary devices, which are discussed further below. Accordingly, these external devices may rely on the driver module 36 for power and can be efficiently and cost effectively designed accordingly. The rectifier and PFC circuitry 68 and the conversion circuitry 70 of the driver module 36 are robustly designed in anticipation of being required to supply power to not only its internal circuitry and the LED array 26, but also to supply power to these external devices as well. Such a design greatly simplifies the power supply design, if not eliminating the need for a power supply, and reduces the cost for these external devices.

As illustrated, the DC power signal may be provided to another port, which will be connected by cabling to the LED array 26. In this embodiment, the supply line of the DC power signal is ultimately coupled to the first end of each of the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 in the LED array 26. The control circuitry 72 is coupled to the second end of each of the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 by the cabling. Based on any number of fixed or dynamic parameters, the control circuitry 72 may individually control the pulse width modulated current that flows through the respective LED strings S1, S2, and S3 such that the resultant white light emitted from the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 has a desired color temperature and falls within a desired proximity of the BBL. Certain of the many variables that may impact the current provided to each of the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 include: the magnitude of the AC power signal, the resultant white light, ambient temperature of the driver module 36 or LED array 26. Notably, the architecture used to drive the LED array 26 in this embodiment is merely exemplary, as those skilled in the art will recognize other architectures for controlling the drive voltages and currents presented to the LED strings S1, S2, and S3.

In certain instances, a dimming device controls the AC power signal. The rectifier and PFC circuitry 68 may be configured to detect the relative amount of dimming associated with the AC power signal and provide a corresponding dimming signal to the control circuitry 72. Based on the dimming signal, the control circuitry 72 will adjust the current provided to each of the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 to effectively reduce the intensity of the resultant white light emitted from the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 while maintaining the desired color temperature. Dimming instructions may alternatively be delivered from the communications module 38 to the control circuitry 72 in the form of a command via the communication bus.

The intensity or color of the light emitted from the LEDs 42 may be affected by ambient temperature. If associated with a thermistor S_(T) or other temperature-sensing device, the control circuitry 72 can control the current provided to each of the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 based on ambient temperature in an effort to compensate for adverse temperature effects. The intensity or color of the light emitted from the LEDs 42 may also change over time. If associated with an LED light sensor S_(L), the control circuitry 72 can measure the color of the resultant white light being generated by the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 and adjust the current provided to each of the LED strings S1, S2, and S3 to ensure that the resultant white light maintains a desired color temperature or other desired metric. The control circuitry 72 may also monitor the output of the occupancy and ambient light sensors S_(O) and S_(A) for occupancy and ambient light information.

The control circuitry 72 may include a central processing unit (CPU) and sufficient memory 74 to enable the control circuitry 72 to bidirectionally communicate with the communications module 38 or other devices over the communication bus through an appropriate communication interface (I/F) 76 using a defined protocol, such as the standard protocol described above. The control circuitry 72 may receive instructions from the communications module 38 or other device and take appropriate action to implement the received instructions. The instructions may range from controlling how the LEDs 42 of the LED array 26 are driven to returning operational data, such as temperature, occupancy, light output, or ambient light information, that was collected by the control circuitry 72 to the communications module 38 or other device via the communication bus. The functionality of the communications module 38 may be integrated into the driver module 36, and vice versa.

With reference to FIG. 22, a block diagram of one embodiment of the communications module 38 is illustrated. The communications module 38 includes a CPU 78 and associated memory 80 that contains the requisite software instructions and data to facilitate operation as described herein. The CPU 78 may be associated with a communication interface 82, which is to be coupled to the driver module 36, directly or indirectly via the communication bus. The CPU 78 may also be associated with a wired communication port 84, a wireless communication port 86, or both, to facilitate wired or wireless communications with other lighting fixtures 10 and remote control entities.

The capabilities of the communications module 38 may vary greatly from one embodiment to another. For example, the communications module 38 may act as a simple bridge between the driver module 36 and the other lighting fixtures 10 or remote control entities. In such an embodiment, the CPU 78 will primarily pass data and instructions received from the other lighting fixtures 10 or remote control entities to the driver module 36, and vice versa. The CPU 78 may translate the instructions as necessary based on the protocols being used to facilitate communications between the driver module 36 and the communications module 38 as well as between the communications module 38 and the remote control entities. In other embodiments, the CPU 78 plays an important role in coordinating intelligence and sharing data among the lighting fixtures 10.

Power for the CPU 78, memory 80, the communication interface 82, and the wired and/or wireless communication ports 84 and 86 may be provided over the power bus via the power port. As noted above, the power bus may receive its power from the driver module 36, which generates the DC power signal. As such, the communications module 38 may not need to be connected to AC power or include rectifier and conversion circuitry. The power port and the communication port may be separate or may be integrated with the standard communication interface. The power port and communication port are shown separately for clarity. The communication bus may take many forms. In one embodiment, the communication bus is a 2-wire serial bus, wherein the connector or cabling configuration may be configured such that the communication bus and the power bus are provided using four wires: data, clock, power, and ground.

Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein and the claims that follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A lighting fixture comprising: a light source; an ambient light sensor configured to provide an ambient light sensor output; and control circuitry configured to: determine a setpoint for the ambient light sensor output based on one or more initial ambient light level measurements, the setpoint corresponding with a light intensity detected by the ambient light sensor; drive the light source according to the setpoint; communicate the setpoint to a different lighting fixture; adjust the setpoint to an adjusted setpoint based on changes to a drive current signal provided to the light source; and communicate the adjusted setpoint to the different lighting fixture.
 2. The lighting fixture of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to determine a first value that is below the setpoint for the ambient light sensor output and a second value that is above the setpoint for the ambient light sensor output.
 3. The lighting fixture of claim 2, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to adjust the setpoint to the adjusted setpoint when changes to the drive current signal are detected while the ambient light sensor output falls between the first value and the second value.
 4. The lighting fixture of claim 1, wherein determining the setpoint for the ambient light sensor output comprises: reading the ambient light sensor output with the light source driven at a first level to obtain one or more first ambient light level measurements; reading the ambient light sensor output with the light source driven at a second level to obtain one or more second ambient light level measurements; and determining the setpoint based on a difference between the one or more first ambient light level measurements and the one or more second ambient light level measurements.
 5. The lighting fixture of claim 4, wherein the first level corresponds to the light source being driven to a fully on state and the second level corresponds to the light source being off.
 6. The lighting fixture of claim 4, wherein the first level corresponds to the light source being driven at a first dimming level and the second level corresponds to the light source being driven at a second dimming level, which is different from the first dimming level.
 7. The lighting fixture of claim 1, wherein the ambient light sensor is arranged outside of a mixing chamber of the lighting fixture.
 8. The lighting fixture of claim 1, wherein the ambient light sensor is arranged within a mixing chamber of the lighting fixture.
 9. The lighting fixture of claim 1, wherein the light intensity detected by the ambient light sensor corresponds to a reference light level being reflected off of a task surface that is at least partially illuminated by the lighting fixture.
 10. The lighting fixture of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a solid-state light source.
 11. A lighting fixture comprising: a light source; an ambient light sensor configured to provide an ambient light sensor output; and control circuitry configured to: determine a preliminary setpoint for the ambient light sensor output based on one or more initial ambient light level measurements, the preliminary setpoint corresponding with a light intensity detected by the ambient light sensor; communicate the preliminary setpoint to a designated coordinator; receive a setpoint from the designated coordinator, the setpoint determined by the preliminary setpoint and other preliminary setpoints communicated to the designated coordinator by other lighting fixtures; and drive the light source according to the setpoint.
 12. The lighting fixture of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry comprises the designated coordinator.
 13. The lighting fixture of claim 11, wherein the setpoint is a group setpoint that is common for other lighting fixtures of a lighting fixture network.
 14. The lighting fixture of claim 11, wherein the setpoint is different than other setpoints communicated by the designated coordinator to other lighting fixtures of a lighting fixture network.
 15. The lighting fixture of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to adjust the preliminary setpoint to an adjusted setpoint based on changes to a drive current signal provided to the light source and communicate the adjusted setpoint to the designated coordinator.
 16. The lighting fixture of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to determine a first value that is below the preliminary setpoint for the ambient light sensor output and a second value that is above the preliminary setpoint for the ambient light sensor output.
 17. The lighting fixture of claim 16, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to adjust the preliminary setpoint to an adjusted setpoint when changes to a drive current signal provided to the light source are detected while the ambient light sensor output falls between the first value and the second value.
 18. The lighting fixture of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to independently adjust an output level of the light source based on the setpoint received from the designated coordinator.
 19. A lighting fixture comprising: a light source; an ambient light sensor configured to provide an ambient light sensor output; and control circuitry configured to: determine a preliminary setpoint for the ambient light sensor output based on one or more initial ambient light level measurements, the preliminary setpoint corresponding with a light intensity detected by the ambient light sensor; communicate the preliminary setpoint to one or more other lighting fixtures; receive one or more other preliminary setpoints from the one or more other lighting fixtures; determine a setpoint for the lighting fixture based on the preliminary setpoint and the one or more other preliminary setpoints; and drive the light source according to the setpoint.
 20. The lighting fixture of claim 19, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to adjust the preliminary setpoint to an adjusted setpoint based on changes to a drive current signal provided to the light source and communicate the adjusted setpoint to the one or more other lighting fixtures.
 21. The lighting fixture of claim 19, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to independently adjust an output level of the light source based on the preliminary setpoint and the one or more other preliminary setpoints. 